The primary symptom of vitiligo is the appearance of depigmented patches on the skin. These patches are usually well-defined and oval-shaped. Common areas affected include the hands, face, and genital regions. Additionally, premature greying or whitening of hair may occur in affected areas.

1. Generalised Vitiligo: This type affects large areas of the body and is the most common form. Patches appear symmetrically on corresponding body parts.
2. Segmental Vitiligo: Typically seen in younger individuals, segmental vitiligo affects only one side or part of the body. It tends to stabilise after initial progression.
3. Localised (Focal) Vitiligo: In this type, specific areas of the body experience depigmentation.
4. Acrofacial Vitiligo: Primarily affecting the face and hands, acrofacial vitiligo involves areas around the eyes, nose, and ears.

The exact cause of vitiligo remains unclear, but several factors contribute:

• Autoimmune Mechanism: Vitiligo is considered an autoimmune disease. The immune system mistakenly attacks melanocytes (pigment-producing cells), leading to depigmentation.
• Genetics: A family history of vitiligo increases the risk.
• Environmental Triggers: Stress, sun exposure, and certain chemicals may trigger or exacerbate vitiligo.

While there is no cure, treatments aim to manage symptoms and improve appearance:

1. Topical Medications:
   Corticosteroid creams: These promote repigmentation.
   Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus: Effective for small areas.
   
   
2. Procedures:
   Blister grafting: Transplanting pigmented skin from one area to another.
   Tattooing: Implanting pigment into depigmented skin.
   Skin grafting: Transferring healthy skin to affected areas.
   
   
3. Phototherapy:
   UVB phototherapy: Stimulates repigmentation.
   Psoralen with UV light (PUVA): Enhances melanocyte activity.